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Entries in Translation (353)

Sunday
Feb032008

Khodasevich, "Берлинское"

A work ("Of Berlin") by this Russian poet.  You can read the original here.
 
Image result for khodasevichShould cold or fever clutch your coil,
Cognac or steamy grog, my friend.
Here dishes clatter, washers toil,
Dark music at day’s purple end.

And there behind thick panes of glass,
So large, a polished open sea,
Caught in the hands of dark morass,
A blue aquarium alee. 

And near swim argus-eyed street trams
Between the lindens under waves,
Electric schools of shining shams
Of lazy fish by tram stop caves.

And sliding through the muggy night,
The surface of my table bare
Is captured by the alien light
Behind the thick tram windows’ glare.

This other life in which I peer
Makes me snap back once I behold
The disembodied, nighttime leer
Of my own head in deathly mold. 
Tuesday
Jan292008

Christoph Eschenbach

A translation of an interview with Christoph Eschenbach, one of the world's most renowned conductors who will be stepping down as head of the Philadelphia Orchestra after this season.   You can read the original here.

With the Orchestre de Paris and the Philadelphia Orchestra, Christoph Eschenbach heads up two of the most well–respected musical entities in the world.  And both have been recent recording partners with him on the independent Finnish label Ondine.  The conductor spoke with Jörg Hillebrand about his orchestras, his records, and his preference for contemporary music.

A small portrait of Richard Wagner painted by Pierre Auguste Renoir in Palermo in 1882 hangs in the Musée D’Orsay.  In it we see the composer mild in his old age, his face without any sharp edges, with slightly blurry contours.  If this view of Wagner could be translated into music, the result might be exactly what one would get to hear at the Théâtre du Chatelet in Robert Wilson’s production of “The Ring Cycle” taken over from Zurich.  The Orchestre de Paris, which so rarely does opera and is unaccustomed to such long stretches of playing, sat in its pit relaxed and in deep concentration.  There was no visible strain.  At times, true enough, the mammoth score was transformed into sound, in any case without that assiduous overexplictness in the leitmotivs that one has come to experience in most productions.  The orchestra sound became ever louder, ever brighter; in the fortissimo, almost garish.  In the pianissimo, on the other hand, it became mysteriously shaded.  The sound had little depth, almost no weight, coming off all the more thick on the surface as a result.  Chamber music refinement over long stretches.  One word comes to mind: de–Germanization.


Image result for christoph eschenbachAt the music stand is Christoph Eschenbach.  His upper arms are still close to his body, his forearms still flapping nervously, his wrists still turning in that incomparable way.  Outwardly, he hardly seems changed at all, even when you stand right in front of him.  His long, bald head is ageless; his body’s stature as small as a boy’s.  He resides on marvelous Marceau avenue, that leads south from the Arc de Triomphe to the Seine, on the top floor of a building constructed in 1914.  Breathtaking art nouveau marks the furnishings of the maisonette–apartment, with wrought–iron lattices on the surrounding gallery and a gold–colored fireplace.   This all contrasts the modern art on the walls.  

Jörg Hillebrand: Mr. Eschenbach, the last time we met for an interview it was also about Wagner, more specifically about your debut with Parsifal at the 2000 Bayreuth festival.  Why didn’t you return the year after that to the “Green Hill”?

Christoph Eschenbach: I couldn’t fulfill the second year of the contract because I had a back problem (attested to by a doctor), lower spine pain that made itself known rather severely when I conducted sitting down.  And in Bayreuth you’ve got to sit when you conduct.  Otherwise the brass section in the deepest part of the pit won’t be able to see you.  My turning it down was in no way connected to the affair in 2000 which ended with Hans Sotin’s departure.  I wasn’t mad at anybody.  Wolfgang Wagner behaved himself superbly in this whole matter.  He stood by me and advised me as to how we should proceed together.  My hat goes off to him!

JH: Well then, as a sort of compensation, your first “Ring.”  What, in your opinion, is the message of the tetralogy?   

CE: It’s about the state of the world and the state of the gods.  Both situations are morose.  It’s about corruption, broken contracts, oaths, perjury, and swindles and deception.  It’s also about “dope,” about drugs.  In short, it’s about everything that’s ghastly these days.  But nevertheless, at the end, there’s a glimmer of hope.

JH: Do you have any role models among the Wagner conductors of the past?

CE: I got to see quite a bit, even in Bayreuth.  As a student, I spent many summers in the orchestra pit, even sitting in the middle of the score and observing the conductors from the front.   I got to see Knappertsbusch, Böhm, Cluytens, the young Maazel and the young Sawallisch.  But for the “Ring,” I emphatically wiped everything that was there out of my head.  The only thing remaining was the score.  And all of a sudden it wasn’t that hard to learn the piece or to find a personal approach to it.  I didn’t even listen to any records, because I really wanted to tackle it from a new angle.  If  you can mention anything akin to a role model, it would be von Karajan’s “Ring,” which lacks Knappertbusch’s weightiness and blackness and offers a very large array of colors.      

JH: Is it hard to play Wagner with French musicians?

CE: No, not at all.  They were completely prepared beforehand.  Many of them came with scores to the first auditions.  And from the first reading to the last “Twilight of the Gods,” not one musician called in sick.  I’m very proud of my orchestra.  The musicians are completely impassioned by this work, and they’ve told and shown me that in many different ways.  It’s really something that, even still before the last performance, a bass group is sitting and practicing in the pit one hour before the show, or that an English horn player is warming up an hour and a half before we start.

JH: You’ve been conducting the Paris orchestra for about six years now.  Our reviewer Manuel Brug once classified it as notoriously second–rate.

CE: That’s not true.

JH: How would you categorize the orchestra qualitatively and with respect to its repertoire in the French music scene?

CE: In France, it’s quite obviously the best.  And I’ve really diversified the program as far as the repertoire is concerned.  Incidentally, my predecessors (for example, Barenboim) also did that, but I introduced even more Neue Musik.  And right at the beginning, I invited Marc–André Dalbavie to be the composer–in–residence.  We’ve performed world premieres by Dusapin, Manoury, Matalon and other French composers, as well as pieces by contemporaries from other nations.  For example with Truls Mørk, we just put on the world premiere of a cello concert by Matthias Pintscher.  It was a stupendous piece, very broad and long, almost like a cello symphony.

JH: Marc–André Dalbavie was the composer–in–residence for the lengthy period of four years.  What do you like about his music in particular?

CE: The spaciousness.  At first he composed more spectral pieces in which orchestra groups were divided up in the audience or on different tiers.  And in the pieces that were no longer spectral, he managed nevertheless to bring in this feeling of space, either in some form of  “Color” or “Ciaccona.”  I’m fascinated by it.  I’m fascinated by the space around music in general.  How space sounds.  I don’t mean the concert hall, but the space in and of itself, the amplitude of musical declaration.

JH: Let’s jump over the big pond to America, but let’s stay with Neue Musik.  As principal conductor in Houston, you rendered outstanding services to your American contemporaries, as well as allocated numerous composition contracts.  And in your opening concert as Music Director of the Philadelphia Orchestra, you’ve already gotten the ball rolling with the world premiere of Gerald Levinson’s “Avatar.”  What role does contemporary American music play in your programs?

CE: A large one, although I try to avoid what principal conductors of other American orchestras do, i.e., concentrate exclusively on American music.  Because to me American music is not that terribly interesting.  The regression in style and the desire to make yourself loved by the public are traits I can’t stand.  Many composers that were once good now unfortunately tend to do this.  But there are today still a few good ones, for example Peter LiebersonAugusta Read Thomas is particularly good and I’ve already given her many contracts.  One time in Hamburg I worked her into the program with Mozart’s Requiem.  I started by breaking off in the middle of the ninth bar of “Lacrimosa” and went right into a similarly set up choral work by Augusta.  It was an enormous success.  In Philadelphia, on the other hand, it was far from an enormous success.  Here you can see that the audience’s taste is heading in the wrong direction.  But I’m slowly getting my audience in Philadelphia also used to composers like Rihm and Pintscher.

JH: You’ve been letting composers introduce their works to the Philadelphia public.  Has that helped in their understanding or enjoyment of the works?

CE: Yes, very much so.  Just the fact that I say three words then call the composer up on stage has a certain show effect.  I remember Oliver Knussen asking beforehand: “What am I supposed to say?  It’s all spelled out in the program.”  I said: “You don’t need to say a word about the piece.  You can talk about your grandmother.”  Which is exactly what he ended up doing.  All that needs to be proven is that the composer is alive, that he’s a human being and not some sort of monster.   That breaks the ice.  After that, the audience experiences the piece in a different way than they would have otherwise.  

JH: Last year the Philadelphia Orchestra signed a three–year contract with Ondine, which provides for the orchestra to produce the master recordings itself and let the record label see to the rest.  What’s the explanation, in your opinion, for this unconventional setup?

CE: First and foremost, the orchestra wants to keep the recordings in its possession.  You don’t shell out an enormous sum in advance only to let the record label take over everything.  The orchestra is highly involved in the licensing.  And should it come to pass that the project’s not working out, someone else could be called in or they could do the whole thing themselves.

JH: On the occasion of your first recording together, our reviewer Attila Csampai wrote that the spirit of Eugene Ormandy still marks the orchestra’s character and that you felt seemingly at home in that tradition.  Do you?

CE: I don’t feel at home in any tradition, but I select traditions in order to analyze them better.

JH: Does Ormandy’s ghost still haunt Philadelphia?

CE: No, that’s only in people’s imagination.  If there are any ghosts, there’s Stokowski’s.  Stokowski experimented a lot with the orchestra.  He introduced “free bowing.”  That’s when string players don’t carry out a simultaneous bow change and can use more than one bow stroke per tone, which yields a bigger sound.  That’s what Ormandy took over.  Of course, he definitely left his mark in his forty–four years of conducting the orchestra.   But come on: these are new musicians.  Maybe three of them played under Ormandy.  
 
JH: Your first recording with the Philadelphia Orchestra for Ondine was also your first production on SACD.  Do you see in this medium the future of classical recording albums?

CE: Yes, of course.  I think that in a year’s time, there’ll hardly be any recordings that don’t use this system.

JH: What advantages does multi–channel technology give classical music recordings?

CE: It brings the concert hall into your home.  Even into the homes of older people who no longer go to concerts.

JH: The Philadelphia Orchestra has a relatively new concert hall, the Verizon Hall in the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 2001.  After your opening concert there in 2003, Wolfgang Sandner in the Frankfurter Allgemeine reported room acoustic problems, particularly regarding the balance between soli and tutti, as well as between the strings and wind instruments.  Have these problems since been dealt with?

CE: The sound in Verizon Hall was very dry and tight at first.  It had to be opened up somehow.  It was discovered that certain mistakes had been committed during construction and that the rules of acoustics had not been observed.  We worked on it a lot together with architect Russell Johnson and his team.  Now the hall sounds very good, actually.  

JH: The next work appearing in Ondine is Tchaikovsky’s Fifth Symphony, which is truly an often–played piece.  The Philadelphia Orchestra alone has recorded it seven times in its history.  What did you do in order to bring out something new?

CE: I didn’t bother too much about tradition.

JH: So again no listening to records?    

CE: No, although I worked in the famous “Philadelphia sound,” which is very good for Tchaikovsky and can be summoned with almost no legerdemain.
                
JH: What else is going to be put out?

CE: We’d like to record some Mahler because the orchestra hasn’t done that in a while.  Ormandy only performed three or four symphonies, Riccardo Muti just one, while Sawallisch didn’t do any.  Now the time has come and the orchestra plays Mahler outstandingly well.  Then we’ll probably continue with some more Tchaikovsky.

JH: Cyclically, thus including the three early symphonies?

CE: That’s my goal because I love them so much.  I can’t say, however, anything more precise about it.  Since the orchestra owns the recordings, it’s very closely linked to the process of the recordings’ coming into being.  We have an “artistic committee” and a “media committee” that both have a say in the matter.

JH: The Orchestre de Paris is also still recording on Ondine.  Four symphonies by Albert Roussel have been announced.  Please introduce this composer to your fellow countrymen.

CE: Albert Roussel is a very underrated composer who speaks in his own language.  The second symphony, for example, is very exciting.  It sounds like music to a Hitchcock film.

JH: Where would Roussel be categorized in the French music tradition?

CE: He’d be somewhat all over the map.  There are, naturally, certain late impressionist aspects, but also some very dramatic eccentricities that really constitute a symphonic cosmos.

JH: In July you’ll be playing with the orchestra of the Schleswig–Holstein festival on double duty as both conductor and pianist for a Mozart piano concert.  And together with Tchaikovsky’s Fifth is the first half of his “Seasons,” your first solo recording in thirty years.  Are you finally returning to the piano?

CE: That’s not what this means.  I might end up mulling over whether I should record the remaining “Seasons” or perhaps other Tchaikovsky pieces.  I might.

JH: What as a pianist have you learned from conducting?

CE: What I used to want to do, i.e. play oboe, cello or trumpet on the piano, I manage to do when I’m on top of my game.

JH: The last time we met, you were Principal Conductor of the NDR Symphony Orchestra, but living in a hotel in Hamburg with a home in Houston still.  Where is your home now?

CE: In Philadelphia.

JH: And where is your homeland?

CE: Inside of me.   A homeland is no place for me.

Thursday
Jan032008

Emma Zunz

My rendition of the Borges classic.  You can read the original here.

While returning from the textile factory of Tarbuch and Loewenthal on the fourteenth of January, 1922, Emma Zunz found at the back of the entrance hall a letter dated in Brazil by which she knew her father had died.  The seal and the envelope fooled her at first; then she became discomfited by the unknown handwriting.  Nine or ten scribbled lines sought to fill up the page; Emma read that Señor Maier had ingested a strong dose of veronal by mistake and died on the third of the current month in the hospital in Bagé.  The letter was signed by a companion from her father’s boarding house, a certain Fein O’Fain of the Rio Grande, who could not have known that he was addressing the daughter of the deceased.

250px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpgEmma let the paper fall.  Her first sentiment was indisposition in her stomach and knees; then she felt blind guilt, unreality, cold, fear; then she wanted it to be the next day already.  She understood  right afterward that this wish was useless because her father’s death was the only thing that had happened in the world and that would keep happening without end.  She retrieved the paper and went to her room.  She furtively guarded it in a drawer, as if, otherwise, it would meet other ends.   She had already started to see them loom; perhaps she was already as she would be.

In the growing darkness, Emma cried until the end of the day of the suicide of Manuel Maier, who was Emanuel Zunz in the old, happy days.  She remembered summer vacations on a small farm near Gualeguay, remembered (tried to remember) her mother, remembered the house in Lanús that they auctioned off, remembered the yellow lozenge panes of a window, remembered the prison sentence and the opprobrium, remembered the anonymous letters with the newspaper clipping on “the cashier’s embezzlement,” remembered (but this actually she never forgot) that her father, that last night, had sworn to her that the thief was Loewenthal.  Loewenthal, Aaron Loewenthal, previously the factory manager and now one of the owners.  Emma had guarded this secret since 1916.  She had revealed it to no one, not even to her best friend, Elsa Urstein.  Perhaps she was evading profane incredulity; perhaps she believed that her secret was a link between her and her absent father.  Loewenthal did not know that she knew; from this small fact Emma derived a feeling of power.

That night she did not sleep; and when the first light outlined the window’s rectangle, her plan had already been perfected.  She got that day, which to her seemed interminable, to be like the others.  In the factory, there were rumors of a strike; as always, Emma declared herself to be against all violence.  At six o’clock, she finished work and went with Elsa to a women’s club which had a gym and swimming pool.  They signed in; she had to spell and repeat her name and surname and pretend to enjoy the vulgar jokes which accompanied the review.  With Elsa and with the younger of the Kronfusses, she talked about which cinema they would go to on Sunday afternoon.  Then they spoke about boyfriends, with no one expecting Emma to speak.  She was going to be nineteen in April, but men still inspired almost pathological terror in her ... On returning, she made some tapioca soup and vegetables, ate early, went to bed and forced herself to sleep.  In this laborious and trivial way, Friday the fifteenth, the eve of the events, passed.

On Saturday, impatience woke her up.  Impatience, not inquietude, and the sole relief of being on that day, at an end.  She no longer had to plot and imagine: within a few hours, the simplicity of the events took over.  She read in La Prensa that the Nordstjärnan of Malmö was setting sail tonight from pier three; she phoned Loewenthal, insinuated that she desired to communicate (without the others’ knowing about it) something about the strike, and promised to pass by the office at nightfall.  Her voice was trembling; the trembling suited an informer.  No other memorable event occurred that morning.  Emma worked until twelve and fixed the details of a Sunday walk with Elsa and Perla Kronfuss.  After having lunch, she lay down and, eyes closed, recapitulated the plan she had plotted.  She thought that the last stage would be less horrible than the first and would doubtless provide the taste of victory and justice.  Suddenly, alarmed, she got up and ran over to the drawer of the dresser.  She opened it; under the picture of Milton Sills, where she had left it the night before, was the letter from Fain.  No one could have seen it.  She began to read it and ripped it up.

To relate with certain reality the events of that evening would be difficult and perhaps not right.  One attribute of the infernal is its unreality, an attribute that at once mitigates and aggravates its terrors.  How could one make an action credible when one did not believe who did it?  How can one recuperate this brief chaos which, today, the memory of Emma Zunz repudiates and confounds?  Emma lived by Almagro, on Liniers street; it is evident to us that she went to the port that evening.  Maybe in the infamous Paseo de Julio she saw herself multiplied in mirrors, revealed by lights, and undressed by hungry eyes; but it is more reasonable to conjecture that at first she strayed inadvertently towards the indifferent arcade ... She entered two or three bars and saw the routine and manners of other women.  Finally she spoke to the men from the Nordstjärnan.  She was afraid that one man, very young, would fill her with tenderness, so she opted for another, coarse and perhaps shorter than she was, for whom the pureness of the horror would not be mitigated.  The man led her to a doorway, then a turbid entrance hall, then a steep staircase, then a small room (which had a window with lozenge panes identical to those in the house in Lanús), then to a door which was locked.  The grave events were outside of time; and for that reason, the immediate past remains cut from the future; and for that reason, the parts that form the events do not seem consecutive.

At what time apart from this time, in what perplexing disorder of unconnected and atrocious sensations did Emma think but once of the death that motivated her sacrifice?  I am of the belief that she thought about it one time, and at this moment endangered her desperate proposition.  She thought (she could not but think) that her father had done the horrible thing to her mother which they were now doing to her.  She thought with faint astonishment and immediately took refuge in her vertigo.  The man, a Swede or a Finn, did not speak Spanish; he was a tool for Emma as she was for him, but she was serving joy and he justice.

Once she was alone, Emma did not immediately open her eyes.  On the lamp table was the money the man had left.  Emma got to her feet and ripped up the money as she had ripped up the letter.  Ripping up money is an impiety, like throwing out bread; Emma repented as soon as she did it.  An act of arrogance and on that day ... Fear got lost in her body’s sadness, in her disgust.  Her disgust and her sadness  were paralyzing her, but Emma rose slowly and proceeded to get dressed.  No bright colors remained in the room; the last dusk was becoming worse.  Emma managed to leave without anyone’s notice; at the corner, she boarded a train on the Lacroze line which was heading west.  Following her plan, she chose the seat all the way at the front so that they could not see her face.  Perhaps it consoled her to affirm, in the insipid hustle and bustle of the streets, that what happened had not contaminated matters.  She traveled through deteriorating and opaque neighborhoods at once seen and forgotten and got off at one of the turnings of Warnes.  Paradoxically, her fatigue came to be a strength since it forced her to concentrate on the details of the affair and conceal its background and its end.

Aaron Loewenthal was, according to everybody, a serious and reliable man; but his few intimates knew him as greedy.  He lived upstairs in the factory, alone.  It was set up in a run–down area for fear of thieves; he kept a large dog in the factory’s courtyard and in the drawer of his desk, everybody knew, a revolver.  Last year he had cried with much decorum over his wife’s unexpected death (a Gauss who bore a good dowry!), but money was his true passion.  To his personal embarrassment, he was less talented at making it than keeping it.  He was very religious, believing himself to have a secret pact with the Lord which excused him from acting good in exchange for orations and prayers.  Bald, corpulent, in mourning garb, with steamed–up glasses and a blond beard, he stood by the window expecting the confidential report of worker Zunz.

He saw her push the gate (which he had left half–open on purpose) and cross the dark courtyard.  He saw her give a small start when the still–fastened dog barked.  Emma’s lips were moving like those of someone praying in a low voice; tired, they repeated the sentence which Señor Loewenthal would hear before dying.

Things did not happen the way Emma Zunz had foreseen them.  Since yesterday’s early morning she had dreamt of many things, holding the firm revolver, forcing that miserable man to confess his miserable guilt, and explaining that intrepid stratagem that would allow Divine Justice to triumph over the justice of men (not by fear but by being an instrument of Justice, she did not wish to be punished).  One bullet in the middle of the chest would then seal Loewenthal’s fate.  But the events did not occur thus.   

Before Aaron Loewenthal, more than the urgency of avenging her father, Emma felt the urgency of punishing the outrage she had suffered because of him.  She could not but kill him after this meticulous disgrace.  Nor did she have the time to spare for theatrics.  Seated and shy, she asked Loewenthal for forgiveness and invoked (as an informer) the obligations of loyalty, mentioned certain names, said she understood others and cut herself off as if fear had won out.  She managed to make Loewenthal leave for a glass of water.  When he, incredulous but indulgent of such a fuss, returned from the dining room, Emma had already taken the heavy revolver from the drawer.  She squeezed the trigger twice.  His considerable body collapsed as if the explosions and the smoke had ripped him up; the glass of water broke; his face showed both fear and anger; the face’s mouth insulted her in Spanish and in Yiddish.  The bad words did not cease; Emma had to fire another time.  In the courtyard, the tethered dog broke out in barking, and an effusion of sudden blood remained on the obscene lips and stained his beard and clothes.  Emma began the accusation she had prepared (“I have avenged my father and they will not be able to punish me...”), but she did not finish because Señor Loewenthal was dead.  She never knew whether he was able to understand.

The mounting barks reminded her, however, that she could not rest.  She disarranged the couch, unbuttoned the cadaver’s jacket, removed his bespattered glasses and left them on top of the file cabinet.  Then she took the phone and repeated what she would repeat so many times, with these and other words:  Something unbelievable has happened ... Señor Loewenthal made me come by with the strike as a pretext ... He took advantage of me and I killed him.

As it were, the story was unbelievable, but it prevailed upon everyone because it was substantially true.  Emma Zunz’s tone was real, her decency was real, her hate was real.  And the outrage which she had suffered was also real: only the circumstances, the time, and one or two names were false.

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